Tip: Clean and Efficient Heating

September's Sustainable Living Tip

Take advantage of state and federal incentives to improve your home's heating efficiency, then start  switching away from fossil fuel to heat your home. Solar supplemented by electricity is the most sustainable heating system, and it's easy to get started.

 

Facts about Clean and Efficient Heating

1. Conventional houses waste 90% or more of the energy they use for space heating, compared to houses built to the Passive House standard.
2. The Passive House standard is the industry leader in energy efficiency, having been successfully pioneered in Europe and now reaching Maine.
3. Federal and state incentives are available to improve the energy efficiency of existing homes, including up to $4,500 through Efficiency Maine's Home Energy Savings Program.
4. The key to achieving the dramatic improvements in home heating efficiency necessary to reach the Passive House standard is to air seal the building envelope and provide fresh air ventilation using a heat recovery ventilator.
5. Another important aspect of Passive House design is to use passive solar gain, which can be achieved through windows and solar air space heaters that ensure solar energy can enter the home during the day, but prevent heat from leaking back out at night.
   
6. Houses built to the Passive House standard in Maine will maintain a temperature of at least 10 degrees C (50 degrees Fahrenheit) throughout winter when their ventilation and heating systems are turned off. You can leave these houses unheated in the winter without risk of freezing. Passive House heating systems are needed only for comfort.
   
7. While it is challenging to retrofit many existing homes to Passive House standards, the principle of controlling air flow can be applied to every home to improve its heating performance.
8. A professional energy audit is the first step to qualify for state funding under the Home Energy Savings Program.
9. A good energy audit will help you understand how your home uses energy, so you can prioritize your energy upgrades.
10. A blower door test, which uses a big fan to suck air out of your house, is one of the best ways to identify air leaks and to check that home energy work has been done properly.
11. An infrared scan, using a camera that measures surface temperatures, is another important diagnostic tool that allows you and your contractors to see where energy leaves your house.
12. In most existing homes, it is not cost effective to control all air leaks; enough air will flow uncontrolled in and out of the structure to maintain healthy indoor air quality.
13. But if you are able to control air leaks to the point where a blower door test shows fewer than 0.3 air changes per hour during the heating season, then you should install a heat recovery or energy recovery ventilator.
14. Heat recovery ventilators exhaust stale outdoor air and bring in fresh outdoor air in a way that transfers heat from the outgoing air to the incoming air. This helps maintain a higher indoor air temperature, but can lower indoor relative humidity because outdoor air is usually dryer than indoor air.
15. Energy recovery ventilators perform the same function as heat recovery ventilators, but also help transfer humidity to maintain not only a higher indoor air temperature but also a higher indoor air relative humidity.
    
16. If a ventilator fails, windows can be opened to provide fresh air.
17. As homes are "tightened up" by sealing places where cold air enters and warm air leaves, it becomes more important to consider ways to maintain indoor air quality.
18. It is a good idea to choose paints, finishes, and cleaning products that do not emit noxious fumes. A surprising number of household products contain petroleum-based fragrances that irritate human respiratory systems.
19. As you improve your home's energy performance, you increase the affordable options for heating your home.
    
20. A conventional 2,500 square foot home in Maine that is not well insulated would require a heating system rated between 30,000 and 40,000 watts. This is equivalent to about 24 electric space heaters.
21. Doubling the efficiency of this home would allow it to be heated with 12 space heaters; raising it to Passive House standards would allow the entire house to be heated with just three electric space heaters which would typically be integrated with the ventilation system.
22. Solar space heaters are a way to turn conventional homes into passive solar homes. These units can be installed on a southern wall or roof. Without the need for electricity or plumbing, they circulate air from inside your home, through a heat collector, and back into your home, effectively harnessing the free energy that is delivered to your home every sunny winter day.
    
23. In the long term, our society must make the transition away from burning all types of fossil fuel, including propane and natural gas.
    
24. Although a fraction of our electricity here in Maine is generated by burning fossil fuel, much of it is already sourced from clean renewable sources.
25. In the future, we can generate all of our electricity from clean and renewable sources here in Maine.
26. If you want to help jump start the conversion of our economy to a sustainable clean energy future, you can install a grid-tied renewable energy system. The most reliable systems use solar photovoltaic panels. The electricity you generate will flow into the grid, displacing the need to generate electricity from non-renewable resources.
    
27. With current technology, it is much easier to stop burning fossil fuel for home heating than to stop burning fossil fuel for transportation, so it makes sense to start our society's transition to clean energy by changing the way we heat our buildings.
28. One of the advantages to using electricity for home heating, from the perspective of the overall sustainability of our society, is that the delivery system for electricity is largely in place. Since most homes already use electricity for lighting and appliances, we are committed to maintaining this infrastructure.
29. Building a new distribution system for natural gas throughout Maine is an unsustainable and unnecessary expense. Private and public funds will be tied up in this venture that could be better put to use increasing the heating performance of our housing stock and improving the reliability of our electric grid.
30. Delivering cord wood or pellets throughout Maine places a huge burden on our roads.
    
31. Although work is being done to develop renewable sources of solid and liquid fuels, these energy strategies do not lend themselves as easily to distributed production as electricity generation.
32. Most homes and businesses in Maine with a sunny roof can be used to generate electricity; few residential and commercial properties are suitable for fuel production.
33. The heating systems of the past were based on wood; the systems of the present require fossil fuel; those of the future will likely be solar electric.
34. If you are building a new house, you can be part of the solution for a clean energy future by choosing to build to the Passive House standard.
    
35. If you plan to live in an existing house, you can still help bring about a clean energy future by improving your home's heating performance, installing a solar space heater, and switching your home to electric heat room by room.

Go Solar

June's Sustainable Living Tip

Go solar for abundant clean energy. You can start with simple steps like growing a kitchen garden -- the closer to home your food is grown, the less dirty fossil fuel required. Or you can make the switch to heat and power your home completely by clean solar energy. The sunlight falling on just one acre in Portland could support all the energy needs of one hundred and sixty Maine families.

Facts about Solar Energy

1. By some calculations, the typical meal eaten in Maine requires more than its own weight in fossil fuel for transportation, storage, packaging and synthetic fertilizer. Growing your own food or supporting local organic farmers is a delicious way to "go solar," relying more on the sun than oil for your personal energy.
2. Every year each acre in Portland, Maine, receives over 24,000 gigajoules (GJ) of solar energy. This is 160 times greater than the total annual energy (heating, electricity and transportation) needed by an average family living in Maine.
3. The average Maine family burns 900 gallons of heating oil in a 78% efficient boiler, using about 100 GJ of energy for space heating and hot water annually. That energy can be collected every year by about 21 square meters -- about half the size of a two-car garage -- of solar thermal collectors operating at 80% efficiency.
4. Solar thermal collectors collect the sun's heat. Then fans blow air or pumps circulate liquid to bring this heat inside where it can be used for space heating or hot water.
   
5. The average sized Maine home (200 square meters) built to super-efficient standards would require less than 11 GJ for space heating per year. This would require just 2 square meters -- a little bigger than the hood of a Volvo station wagon -- of solar thermal collectors.
6. The average family in Maine uses about 20 GJ of electricity annually (around 500 kilowatt hours per month). That energy can be collected every year by about 17 square meters -- about 10 feet by 18 feet -- of photovoltaic solar panels operating at 20% efficiency.
7. Photovoltaic (PV) panels directly convert sunlight to electricity. This electricity can then be fed into regular house current, or can be stored in batteries. Maine has a "net metering" law which allows homeowners to "spin their meters backwards" when sending excess electricity to the grid.
   
8. If a family could reduce its monthly electricity consumption to 350 kilowatt hours per month (for example, by replacing an inefficient refrigerator and using clothes drying racks instead of an electric dryer), their annual electricity needs could be met by just 12 square meters of PV panels -- about 10 by 13 feet.
9. The average family in Maine burns 1,300 gallons of gasoline in vehicles that are about 20% efficient at converting fuel to motion, using about 31.5 GJ of energy for personal transportation annually. Most of the energy released by burning gasoline in an internal combustion engine is wasted as heat.
10. It is difficult to use solar energy to produce liquid fuels (such as ethanol) that can replace gasoline. Serious concerns have been raised about the sustainability of growing corn as an ethanol feedstock.
11. If a family could purchase an electric car, which could be easily recharged with electricity generated by solar power, 26 square meters of PV panels -- about 10 feet by 28 feet -- could satisfy their annual transportation needs.
12. Switching from internal combustion engines to electric motors in our cars will allow us to switch from gasoline to solar power for our transportation needs. The batteries in our electric vehicles will allow us to store solar power for use when it is needed. The first all-electric, mass-market cars are expected to be widely available in the United States starting in 2012.
    
13. More solar energy reaches Maine in four hours than our entire state economy uses in a year.
14. Enough solar energy falls on just the 23,450 miles of public road in Maine to power an economy that uses three and a half times as much energy as our state's does. We could stop using all other sources of energy except solar and still have plenty of capacity to grow our economy.
15. More than half of the electricity generated in Maine already comes from renewable energy sources -- primarily hydropower and wood -- that are forms of stored solar power.
16. Per square meter, over one thousand four hundred times more energy is available per year by directly collecting solar energy than by harvesting firewood. In other words, cord wood is approximately 0.07% efficient at storing solar energy. One acre of solar thermal collectors is the energy equivalent of a 1,400 acre wood lot .
    
17. Super insulated water tanks, such as the Marathon hot water heater, can store solar energy for up to two weeks. This allows solar hot water systems to provide hot water at night and during weeks of inclement weather.
    
18. Solar panels capture more energy than is used to manufacture them. Depending on the manufacturing process and how much solar energy is available for the panel to collect, it takes between one and six years for the panel to "pay back" the amount of energy used to create it. Since panels last for up to twenty years, almost every solar panel in use is providing a net energy benefit over its lifetime. Solar panels are now providing the energy to make more solar panels.
19. Wind power derives from solar energy because winds are primarily due to uneven heating of the earth's surface.
20. Although there is much less solar energy available in the winter in Maine than in the summer, the winds in certain locations are stronger in winter. Wind power, hydropower and tidal power can complement solar power by being available at night, in winter, and during overcast periods.
21. In general, solar power is much more reliable than wind power and much easier to install on a wide variety of existing buildings without adverse visual and noise impact. Wind power, on the other hand, lends itself to economies of scale and is generally a cheaper way to generate large amounts of electricity intermittently at specific places, particularly offshore and along ridges.
22. Solar power is easy to incorporate into consumer electronics. Our store sells solar-powered clocks, radios, flashlights and battery chargers. These are fun and easy ways to try out solar power on a small and affordable scale.

Going Solar

Join us on Thursday, June 10, from 7:00 pm to 8:30 pm here at F.W. Horch Sustainable Goods and Supplies, 56 Maine Street, Brunswick, for a talk by John Capron, of ReVision Energy, titled "Going Solar: Energy from the Sun." Free and open to the public.

Five hundred square feet of solar electric panels on a sunny, south-facing roof in Maine generate 100% of an average family's annual consumption (about 6 million watt hours of electricity per year). Thousands of Mainers have already decided that the risks of remaining dependent on fossil fuels -- none of which is produced here in Maine -- outweigh the cost of harvesting clean and reliable energy from their own rooftops in perpetuity.

"Solar energy is one of the best investments you can make for your children and grandchildren," says John. "If we do not begin solving our energy problems today, we will leave them a legacy of fossil energy pollution, scarcity and geopolitical conflict."

John's talk will explain the basics of harnessing the sun for heat and power. You'll learn how solar power systems work, how much solar energy is available at different times of the year for space heating, hot water and electricity, and how much different options cost. The talk will also cover common questions and concerns, such as how you can find out if your location is sunny enough, how long an installation will take, how reliable is solar equipment, how to integrate solar energy into existing house plumbing and wiring, how to participate in Maine's net metering program to "spin the meter backward," and how to qualify for the myriad financing options, tax credits and rebates available.

ReVision Energy is a full service renewable energy company offering design, sales, installation and service. Formerly known as Energyworks, ReVision Energy has emerged as an industry leader in northern New England, having installed more than half of all solar energy systems in Maine for the past four years. Their engineers from MIT and Brown University have a combined 25 years experience in the design, installation and service of renewable energy systems.

This talk is part of the F.W. Horch series on sustainable living. Each monthly talk is held on the second Thursday of the month at the F.W. Horch Sustainable Goods & Supplies store, 56 Maine Street, Brunswick. Space is limited, so if you are interested in attending, please call the store at 729-4050 to reserve a seat.

For more information, please visit www.FWHorch.com.

Clean Electricity - July's Sustainable Living Tip

Instead of gas, oil, pellets or wood, choose clean electricity for your household energy needs.

The Path to Sustainability

We believe that in terms of sustainability, "green" electricity is the best option today and in the foreseeable future for all household energy needs. Efficient products are on the market now for space and water heating, refrigeration, lighting and all other household activities; it is relatively easy for consumers to go "all electric". Of all the possible energy options (including biofuels, pellets, wood, and hydrogen), electricity has the clearest path to sustainability. Maine's electricity grid is already powered in part by clean energy sources such as rivers and wind. Many more clean options are in our future -- much sooner than many people realize.

Energy Facts

1. Electricity is a sustainable option for home heating and other household energy needs because it can be cleanly generated from many inexhaustible sources, including the sun, wind, rivers, and tides.
2. Mainers can sign up for green electricity. Paying a little extra on your monthly power bill ensures that the grid is supplied by clean and renewable energy sources, and provides capital for new clean power plants.
   
3. Solar is available throughout Maine, with little variation in solar intensity among sites.
4. Wind is available in Maine along the coast, mountain ridges, and offshore, with huge variations in energy intensity among sites and height above ground level.
5. More than one hundred large-scale hydroelectric facilities are operating in Maine, producing more than 12 million gigajoules (GJ) of electricity per year.
   
6. Since 2006, more than a dozen tidal power projects have been proposed in Maine.
   
7. One acre of Maine woods managed for sustainable harvest could yield 25 GJ (one cord) of hardwood per year.
8. The roof of an average-sized house in Maine (1,400 square feet) in full sun receives about 625 GJ of solar energy per year. This is the energy equivalent of a 25 acre wood lot.
9. Each year the average home in Maine uses about 136 GJ of energy: 22 GJ (6,000 kilowatt hours) for electricity, and 114 GJ (108 million British thermal units) for space and water heating.
10. If you have an average-sized home in full sun, every year you could meet all your home's energy needs (heat, hot water, lighting and appliances) by collecting, storing and using just 21.76% of the solar energy that reaches your roof.
11. The efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells that produce electricity are between 6% and 40%; the types most commonly available today are about 16% efficient.
12. The efficiency of photosynthesis (the natural process plants use to build wood and other tissues) is about 5%.
    
13. Maine has a net metering law which allows you to get credit for sending electricity to the grid. This means that you can install solar PV cells without needing batteries to store the electricity they produce.
    
14. Completely covering an average-sized home's roof in Maine with today's 16% efficient solar PV cells would generate about 100 GJ (27,777 kWh) of electricity every year, of which approximately 70 GJ (after balance of system efficiency losses) could be fed into the grid to "spin your meter backward."
    
15. In 2007, the Maine Solar House near Wells, Maine, fed into the grid almost 17 GJ (4,707 kWh) of electricity using 384 square feet of 13-year-old solar PV cells (enough to cover about 27% of an average sized roof).
16. Solar PV cells have no moving parts, emit no noise or pollution when generating electricity, require no fluids and little maintenance, continue to operate reliably in extreme cold and hot weather conditions, and have an expected lifetime of more than 30 years.
17. Every year, a typical home on the Maine coast (wind profile area equivalent to a 6.4 m diameter rotor), assuming an average wind speed of 4 meters per second (m/s), deflects about 41 GJ of wind energy. Assuming a higher average wind speed of 6 m/s, the same home deflects about 139 GJ of wind energy.
18. The theoretical maximum efficiency of a wind turbine is 59%, because it must allow some wind to flow through it (i.e. if a turbine attempts to use all of the wind's kinetic energy at any given moment, it stops airflow and thus loses the ability to capture energy at future moments).
    
19. A small 400 watt turbine (rotor diameter 1.17 m) at a 4 m/s wind site will generate about 0.65 GJ of energy per year. At a 6 m/s site, it will generate 2.1 GJ per year.
20. Microhydro run-of-river turbines in streams and tidal flows can be smaller than wind turbines for the same energy output because water is about 800 times denser than air.
21. No data exists for the energy production of tidal turbines in Maine. In April 2008 a 1.2 MW turbine was installed in Strangford Lough in Ireland, the world's first commercial tidal power station.

News from ReVision Energy

Jen Hatch of the newly-named ReVision Energy writes,

In like a Lion
March is nearly here, and spring is almost amongst us. I happen to love the winter but I can image that many are looking forward to transition from this particularly snowy season.

The snow has not slowed us down this winter; in fact I think people's increased concern for alternative solutions to their rising energy bills has given rise to the awareness of solar. We have been fortunate to work with many homeowners to reduce their energy bills by supplementing that source with solar energy.

As summer is not too far off the horizon we continue to stress the benefits of solar energy. If you are a homeowner who is burning oil or gas during the months between May to October, where there is little to no call for heat, you may be interested to know that a solar hot water system will turn that furnace off, and keep it off, unless of course there is a particularly high demand for hot water, or if there is an extended period of time without sun. Think about how much oil or gas you use during those months, and you can think of that as a start to your savings.

Did you know that if you are a commercial business the state will pay for 35% of your solar hot water system, capped at $10,500? We recently held a seminar geared for restaurant businesses, as we feel that restaurants, with their continuous and extensive usage of hot water, are excellent candidates for a solar energy system. Any business that wishes to find out how a solar application can benefit them should contact our office. The state rebate is incredibly favorable at this time for commercial systems.

Not only is there a state incentive, there is also an incentive on the federal level, 30% uncapped of the remaining cost of the system. With these rebates the payback is hard to beat.

ReVision Energy recently worked with WPXT-TV and Efficiency Maine as part of the 'Green Team' that helped to give the Wright family in Falmouth a home efficiency makeover. Jed Wright was selected out of 100 nominees for the first ever green make over show provided by WPXT-TV. ReVision Energy provided the labor and materials for the solar hot water installation. You can view an article that ran in the Press Herald at the link provided below:

Going Green In More Ways Than One

And last, but certainly not least, we are pleased to tell you that we have finished the Yarmouth High School solar photovoltaic installation. This summer students from the Yarmouth High school worked on writing a grant provided by the public utilities commission for a demonstrative solar electric system to be installed on the roof of their school. The proposal not only included panels for the roof but also a data monitoring system that will track what the panels are doing and will be able to be read and utilized in the classroom.

The students demonstrated that a solar electric system benefits not only the school but the community as a whole. They were awarded the grant money last fall and were recognized by the governor for their ambition and hard work. The forecaster has been keeping tabs on this project, this is their most recent story highlighting the installation.

Sun shines on Yarmouth High solar project

As always, please call our office to find out how a solar application may benefit you, 221-6342.

Be well,
Jen

Promoting Renewable Energy in Maine

Here's an editorial piece I wrote about how we can promote renewable energy in Maine:

As energy prices increase, many people in Maine are unable to pay their fuel and electricity bills. The long-term solution to this crisis is to heat and power our homes and businesses with the free energy from the sun that is already being delivered every day to every part of our state.

I believe we Mainers should begin weaning ourselves from an unhealthy addiction to foreign oil. We should let the market determine the price of gasoline and fuel oil. Artificially subsidizing the costs of burning fossil fuels through government programs simply makes the problem worse by retarding the necessary investment in sustainable local energy solutions. The rising price of fossil fuel levels the playing field for solar, geothermal and tidal energy.

Although market forces are probably the most efficient way to allocate resources toward viable energy solutions, it is unrealistic to expect politicians to restrain themselves from trying to use governmental power to help people struggling with the unprecedented fossil fuel crisis. Several proposals are circulating now about how to reduce the price of fossil fuels (dragging us further into a hopeless situation) or to reduce the price of renewable energy (arguably moving us closer to a sustainable energy future). All of these proposals suffer from the same problem: lack of government funding to sustain the subsidies in the face of increases in the real costs of fuel.

In particular, I think efforts to re-regulate our electricity market through feed-in tariffs are particularly misguided. Experience with regulated energy markets worldwide shows that central planners are unable to predict real costs and technological advances. As a result, tariff pricing leads to massive inefficiencies, higher prices and poor public infrastructure investments.

A better approach, in my mind, is to pursue our current policy of renewable portfolio standards. Rather than dictating a particular price as in a tariff scheme, regulators dictate acceptable standards for how energy is to be generated. For example, regulators may require energy providers not to pollute, or to use only renewable fuels. The market is then free to set efficient prices and make investments in technologies that meet the production standards set by regulators. Regulators enforce the rules by fining or imprisoning violators.

The major risk to both a tariff scheme and a renewable portfolio standard is that the regulators may set an unrealistic target that simply cannot be met by the market in a cost-effective manner. A renewable portfolio standard, however, is better able to allow prices to increase to attract the necessary additional capital to make the required investments. In the end, regulators will have to confront the reality that they can control price or they can control quality, but they can't control both. At this stage in our energy crisis, I believe we must focus the efforts of our regulators on improving the quality of our energy supply and allow prices to rise to reflect the true costs of our energy systems.

There are several ways to capture and use solar energy:

• wood, potatoes, straw, ethanol, biodiesel and other "biofuel"
• passive solar design
• active solar heating
• active solar power
• wind power

Forcing a tariff rate on the various options is likely to be extremely difficult. However, there are clear standards that could be established and enforced by state regulators under a renewable portfolio standard. For example, emissions can be measured and standards adopted that would eliminate coal and wood-fired power plants, shifting investment toward cleaner sources by simply fining or imprisoning producers that exceed pollution standards. We could nudge along the adoption of clean energy systems by expanding our current "net-zero" policy for home-owner clean energy systems to be a "net-positive" policy. Home owners who have installed solar panels on their grid-connected properties should be paid for all of the net power they feed back to the grid, not just a portion of it as is currently the law.

Whatever policy the state adopts, it must take steps to provide long-term predictability to the market. Since we have recently adopted electricity price competition with renewable portfolio standards, I think it would send the wrong signal to go back to a regulated tariff scheme. My message to regulators is this: "Set high standards, enforce them strictly, and give private investors the confidence that the rules of the game aren't in flux."

In the end, our state and we residents must confront the basic fact that fossil fuel prices are out of our control. Sooner or later we should switch to local, clean sources of energy: solar, geothermal and tidal. These are the only energy sources that can sustain our future economic prosperity.